Research News

Unique adaptation explains secrets of whale shark vision

A research group including Professors Mitsumasa Koyanagi and Akihisa Terakita of the Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Science has investigated both the genetic information and structure of the photoreceptor rhodopsin, responsible for detecting dim light, of whale sharks to investigate how they can see in the dim light at extreme depths. The research group compared the whale sharks to zebra sharks, which are considered their closest relative, and brown-banded bamboo sharks, which are in the same group: the order orectolobiformes—commonly known as carpet sharks.

“This research used genetic information and molecular biological techniques to achieve stunning results—without harming whale sharks’ or their biology. Our research approach is to use these techniques to provide clues that reveal the mysteries of how these organisms live,” explained Professor Koyanagi. “The beautiful part is that it even works for species where information is limited, such as large or wild animals that are difficult to observe or follow in their natural habitat.”

The research revealed that the whale sharks’ rhodopsin can efficiently detect blue light—the most common wavelength of light in the deep-sea—because two amino acid substitutions shifted the light spectra that rhodopsin detects, making it sensitive to blue wavelengths. However, one of the amino acid substitutions defies conventional wisdom, as it corresponds to a mutation at a position known to cause congenital stationary night blindness in humans.

The researchers found that the amino acid substitutions make the whale shark rhodopsin less thermally stable, it decays rapidly at 37 ºC, compared to human or other of sharks’ rhodopsin without the substitution. However, at deep-sea temperatures—well below 37 ºC—the functionality of the whale shark rhodopsin can be maintained, suggesting that this unique adaptation evolved for life in the low-temperature low-light deep-sea environment.

Their findings were published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Funding

This study was supported by intramural funds of RIKEN and National Institute of Genetics to S.K. and was also funded by JSPS KAKENHI grant nos. 18H02482 and 21H00435 to M.K.

Paper Information

Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Title: Whale shark rhodopsin adapted to deep sea lifestyle by a substitution associated with human disease
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220728120
Author: Kazuaki Yamaguchi, Mitsumasa Koyanagi, Keiichi Sato, Akihisa Terakita, Shigehiro Kuraku
Publish: March 21, 2023

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2220728120

Contact

Graduate School of Science
Prof. Mitsumasa KOYANAGI
Prof. Akihisa TERAKITA
E-mail: koyanagi[at]omu.ac.jp
E-mail: terakita [at]omu.ac.jp
*Please change [at] to @.